Darrin Baines is a British health economist, researcher, and consultant. He is the founder of HealthEconomic.Pro, Analytics.Systems, and IntelligentParameters.com. Doctor Baines is known for his work on health economics, health systems, pharmacy practice, and National Health Service (NHS) productivity. His research integrates economics, philosophy, and semantics, focusing on the foundations of knowledge and applied decision-making.
Academic career
Dr. Baines has held three professorial appointments in health economics at Coventry University, Bournemouth University, and the University of Lincoln. He has designed and launched three masterβs degrees in health economics at the University of Birmingham, the University of South Wales, and Cairo University.
He has also led large-scale international knowledge transfer networks in China and Egypt, funded by the British Council and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). These initiatives connected leading academic institutions in the UK (including the Universities of York, Sheffield, Leeds, Coventry, and Bournemouth,) and China (Fudan, Shandong and ), facilitating collaboration between academia and applied practice.
Research
Darrin Baines has published more than 200 papers in peer-reviewed and trade journals. His research covers health economics, and health systems, as well as widely cited work on misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation. His recent projects explore the application of the semantic layer to health economic modeling and thinking.
Policy and advisory work
Dr. Baines has advised the UK government on matters of health policy and NHS productivity. His advisory focus includes the alignment of meaning, measurement, and verification within complex decision systems. His work bridges economics, ethics, and public policy, with an emphasis on transparent and reproducible reasoning in policy evaluation.
Consultancy
Through his companies β HealthEconomic.Pro, Analytics.Systems, and IntelligentParameters.com β Baines provides consultancy and training in applied health economics, model validation, and knowledge system design. His clients include governments, pharmaceutical companies, and international organizations. His consulting practice emphasizes the translation of complex analytical methods into practical solutions for decision-making, policy design, and capacity building.
Philosophy and innovation
Bainesβ intellectual work extends beyond economics into philosophy and computational epistemology. His projects involve the creation of machine-readable, semantic knowledge frameworks designed to enhance transparency and interoperability in science. Through Intelligent Parameters, he is developing a Semantic Web of Health Economics, allowing models, methods, and assumptions to be published in linked, verifiable forms accessible to both humans and artificial intelligence systems.
Canonical Identity:
π https://www.darrinbaines.org
Works (public)
- East Sussex Wellbeing and Employment Service (ESWE) Evaluation (2024) β report Β· Link
- Laboratories of the Future symposium: Evolution of pharmacy from 1.0 to 4.0 (2024) β lecture-speech Β· Link
- EE482 Building Better Models: A Simulation Case Study Demonstrating the Crucial Role of Ergodicity in Building Robust Markov Chains (2024) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Lifeguard Pharmacy - A feasibility trial of a novel pharmacy-based intervention for people experiencing domestic abuse and/or suicidal ideation (2024) β other Β· DOI
- OP94β
Co-developing, and testing the feasibility of, a first-response service in community pharmacy for people experiencing suicidal thoughts or domestic abuse: the Lifeguard Pharmacy intervention* (2023) β conference-paper Β· DOI
- The Brexit Policy Fiasco - Open Access: Political, process and programme failures in the Brexit fiasco: exploring the role of policy deception (2021) β book-chapter Β· DOI
- The EQ-5D-5L Valuation Study in Egypt. (2021) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Modelling the comparative costs of Namaste Care: results from the namaste care intervention UK study (2021) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Pharmacoeconomics Education in the Middle East and North Africa Region: A Web-Based Research (2021) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Portfolio frontier analysis: Applying mean-variance analysis to health technology assessment for health systems under pressure (2021) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Impact of clinical pharmacists on adherence to stress ulcer prophylaxis protocol in critically ill Egyptian patients: a comparative study (2020) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Infodemic now: how do we know when the news is fake? (2020) β other Β· Link
- Political, process and programme failures in the Brexit fiasco: exploring the role of policy deception (2020) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Defining misinformation, disinformation and malinformation: An urgent need for clarity during the COVID-19 infodemic (2020) β other Β· Link
- Costing resource use of the Namaste Care Intervention UK: A novel framework for costing dementia care interventions in care homes (2020) β journal-article Β· DOI
- The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Will it change pharmacy practice? (2020) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Underage drinking as a natural part of growing up: a UK study of parental beliefs (2019) β journal-article Β· DOI
- A Systematic Review on the Extent and Quality of Pharmacoeconomic Publications in Egypt (2019) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Community-based testing of migrants for infectious diseases (COMBAT-ID): Impact, acceptability and cost-effectiveness of identifying infectious diseases among migrants in primary care: Protocol for an interrupted time-series, qualitative and health economic analysis (2019) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Evolutionary approaches to the concept of drift in policy studies (2019) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Must Antiques Be Technically Excellent? A Rejoinder to Killin (2019) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Pharmaceutical Policy Reforms to Regulate Drug Prices in Asia Pacific Region: The Case of Australia, China, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, and South Korea (2019) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Technology and pharmacy: Theory, practice, and the future vision (2019) β book-chapter Β· DOI
- Role of HEOR in Decision Making: Global Knowledge for Local Application (2018) β conference-presentation
- The renaissance of community pharmacy (2018) β conference-paper
- Health economics in the project (2018) β conference-presentation
- Masterclass on "Analysing workforce, technology and pharmacy practice: a practical guide" (2018) β conference-presentation
- A dramaturgical framework of scams in populist policy-making (2018) β conference-presentation
- A scoping review of the quality and the design of evaluations of mobile health, telehealth, smart pump and monitoring technologies performed in a pharmacy-related setting (2018) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Conceptualising production, productivity and technology in pharmacy practice: A novel framework for policy, education and research (2018) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Economic evaluation of prescribing conventional and newer oral anticoagulants in older adults (2018) β journal-article Β· DOI
- High-Cost Medicines in England (2018) β book-chapter Β· DOI
- Pharmacist prescribing in England: acting on history to address current challenges in pharmacy practice (2018) β journal-article Β· DOI
- The Frontier Framework (and its eight Frontier Archetypes): A new conceptual approach to representing staff and patient well-being in health systems (2018) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Invited guest speaker at Stakeholder Roundtable on Digitalisation and impact on pharmacy, and keynote speaker on Pharmacists as technologists (2017) β conference-presentation
- The role of scams in populist policy-making: A dramaturgical framework (2017) β conference-presentation
- Baines and Babar: Why medical practitioners should be interested in the World Bank (2017) β other Β· Link
- Developing the evidence-base for school sex education programmes: Contributions of an augmented Theory of Planned Behaviour, gender and school year across three contraceptive methods (2017) β journal-article Β· Link
- F.R.A.M.E β Facial Remote Activity Monitoring Eyewear (2017) β conference-presentation
- Technology-enabled pharmacy: the future for pharmacists? (2017) β conference-presentation
- Chapter 4 - Economic Evaluation and Its Types (2017) β book-chapter Β· DOI
- Evaluation and impact for global workforce development" in International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). Research, development and evaluation strategies for pharmaceutical education and the workforce: A global report (2017) β journal-article
- F.R.A.M.E - FACIAL REMOTE ACTIVITY MONITORING EYEWEAR (2017) β book-chapter Β· Link
- Restructuring of provincial health systems: search for future healthcare model in Pakistan (2016) β conference-presentation
- Big Data: Adherence prediction and other pharmacy services (2016) β conference-presentation
- Economics of dengue vector control and community action (2016) β conference-presentation
- Evaluation of The Coventry GP Alliance: Best Care, Anywhere: Integrating Primary Care in Coventry Programme (2016) β report Β· Link
- The impact of injuries on health service resource use and costs in primary and secondary care in the English NHS (2016) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Violence threatens polio eradication by 2018 (2016) β preprint Β· DOI
- What Is an Antique? (2016) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Work Package 2: Service user perceptions and service innovation (2016) β book-chapter Β· Link
- If we understand the past we can plan for the future (2015) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Opportunity for integration lost in creation of new roles (2015) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Ambitious plans follow slow start to change (2015) β journal-article Β· DOI
- New labour, new NHS, new-age pharmacy? (2015) β journal-article Β· DOI
- The information age and its effects on NHS prescribing decisions (2015) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Community pharmacies deserve a renaissance (2015) β other Β· Link
- Dispensing: itβs time to let it go (2015) β journal-article Β· Link
- Evaluation of a protocol-based intervention to promote timely switching from intravenous to oral paracetamol for post-operative pain management: An interrupted time series analysis (2015) β journal-article Β· DOI
- A prescription for improvement and the dispensing practice scheme (2014) β journal-article Β· DOI
- First for stroke: using the Microsoft βKinectβ as a facial paralysis stroke rehabilitation tool (2014) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Drug budgets and the strengthening of the PPRS (2014) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Working for Patients: NHS reform and drug budgets (2014) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Pharmaceutical care: the blueprint for modern pharmacy (2014) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Improvements suggested by Enthoven and Maynard (2014) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Professor Teeling Smith and The Politics of Prescribing (2014) β journal-article Β· DOI
- From gentle persuasion to Thatcher's age of coercion (2014) β journal-article Β· DOI
- The Merrison and Greenfield reports and the Limited List (2014) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Recommendations from the Tricker and Clothier reports (2014) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Pharmacists as dispensers and formation of the PPA (2014) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Acceptability of new generic blood tests for early tumour detection and development of an associated on-line peer-support programme (eCOPE). (2014) β other Β· Link
- Evaluation of the clinical and cost effectiveness of intermediate care clinics for diabetes (ICCD): A multicentre cluster randomised controlled trial (2014) β journal-article Β· DOI
- The dangers of the day of birth (2014) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Labour and Conservative prescribing policy, 1964β79 (2013) β journal-article Β· DOI
- The prescription charge and Hinchcliffe Committee (2013) β journal-article Β· DOI
- From the NIS to the NHS via the Floating Sixpence (2013) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Big Data: not just a lot more data (2013) β journal-article Β· DOI
- ΒAΒ cluster randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Intermediate Care Clinics for Diabetes (ICCD): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2012) β book Β· DOI
- Cost-effectiveness of intermediate care clinics for diabetes (ICCD): findings of a UK cluster randomised trial (2012) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Deriving ought from is: Is the approach to constructing National Health Service funding formula terminally flawed? (2011) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Discussion on the meeting on `Resource allocation models' (2011) β journal-article Β· Link
- Are pharmacists being engineered (2008) β journal-article Β· Link
- Has pharmacy run out of time (2008) β journal-article Β· Link
- Has pharmacy run out of time? (2008) β journal-article Β· Link
- Innovation, novation and replacement (2008) β magazine-article
- The reforms of pharmacy in England are novations and replacements (2008) β journal-article Β· Link
- Community pharmacy needs magical thinkers to help secure its future? (2005) β journal-article Β· Link
- Is there an appropriate framework for examining UK pharmacy practice? (2005) β journal-article Β· Link
- New framework for analysing practice (2005) β journal-article Β· Link
- How should community pharmacists be paid under the new contract (2004) β journal-article Β· Link
- How should community pharmacists be paid under the new contract? (2004) β journal-article Β· Link
- How to build a professional network (2004) β journal-article Β· Link
- New European policy could abolish control of entry whatever NHS wants (2004) β conference-paper Β· Link
- New apothecaries: How pharmacists can protect their independence in the NHS (2004) β journal-article Β· Link
- Pharmacy economics: are proposals for a national contract already redundant? (2004) β journal-article Β· Link
- Use network theory to develop services (2004) β journal-article Β· Link
- OFT the beaten track (2003) β journal-article Β· Link
- Is pharmacy a network (2002) β magazine-article
- LPS - friend or foe (2002) β magazine-article
- Yes, but is it art? (2002) β magazine-article
- Fashion victims (2002) β magazine-article
- No sign of a new dawn (2002) β magazine-article
- The bee's knees (2002) β magazine-article
- Down easy street (2002) β magazine-article
- Let's praise LPS (2002) β magazine-article
- Gonna make you a star (2002) β magazine-article
- Primary care physicians' attitudes to health care reform in England (2002) β journal-article Β· DOI
- A level playing field for all (2001) β magazine-article
- The Italian job (2001) β magazine-article
- The need for speed (2001) β magazine-article
- Local Pharmaceutical Services pilots (2001) β magazine-article
- Smash and Grab (2001) β magazine-article
- Breath of fresh air (2001) β magazine-article
- Future Shock (2001) β magazine-article
- Flood warning (2001) β magazine-article
- The NSF for coronary heart disease (2001) β magazine-article
- A marriage of convenience (2001) β magazine-article
- Give us a clue (2001) β magazine-article
- Love is all around (2001) β magazine-article
- Patient Group Directions (2001) β magazine-article
- Medicines management (2001) β magazine-article
- Nice, the universe and everything (2001) β magazine-article
- A healthy bill? (2001) β magazine-article
- Get to grips with patient group directions (2001) β magazine-article
- Get to grips with patient group directions (2001) β magazine-article
- Secrets of the mind (2001) β magazine-article
- In an age of conspiracy (2001) β magazine-article
- The art of war (2001) β magazine-article
- The good olde days (2001) β magazine-article
- An emotional rescue (2001) β magazine-article
- Fair trading for pharmacists (2001) β magazine-article
- Out of time (2001) β magazine-article
- Anti-branding attack (2001) β magazine-article
- The national plan for pharmacy (2001) β magazine-article
- Trust me I'm an economist (2001) β magazine-article
- A healthy disposition? The use and limitations of the characteristics approach to general practice research (2001) β journal-article Β· Link
- ΒTheΒ medM manifesto for community pharmacists (2001) β book Β· Link
- The winnerβs curse (2000) β magazine-article
- Primary care. This is your pilot speaking. (2000) β journal-article
- Developments: The Rapid Increase in Generic Prices in the UK: A Failure of Competition or Regulation? (2000) β journal-article Β· DOI
- A step-by-step guide to a fair and transparent prescribing policy (2000) β magazine-article
- Time for a radical change (2000) β magazine-article
- How to achieve quality prescribing on a budget (2000) β magazine-article
- Constrained by our past? (2000) β magazine-article
- Analysis of the ability of the new needs adjustment formula to improve the setting of weighted capitation prescribing budgets in English general practice. (2000) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Working from the inside out: prescribing management in Primary Care Groups (2000) β magazine-article
- A prescription for improvement? An observational study to identify how general practices vary in their growth in prescribing costs (2000) β journal-article Β· DOI
- A survey of english NHS prescribing advisers'roles, and their views on improving prescribing in the new NHS (2000) β journal-article Β· Link
- An analysis of the House of Commons Health Select Committeeβs report on generic prices, with a discussion of the implications for primary care prescribing in the UK (2000) β journal-article Β· Link
- Friends and relations (2000) β journal-article Β· Link
- How to Respond to Over Prescribing (2000) β magazine-article
- National evaluation of general practitioner commissioning pilots: Lessons for primary care groups (2000) β journal-article Β· Link
- New Opportunities for Primary Care? Second Year PMS evaluation report (2000) β other Β· Link
- Personal medical services. Friends and relations. (2000) β journal-article Β· Link
- Politiche di riforma nel settore sanitario britannico: il caso dello schema di dotazione di fondi (2000) β other Β· Link
- Prescribing in the GP Commissioning Groups: results from 1998/9 (2000) β other Β· Link
- Setting Priorities and Managing Demand in the NHS: Lessons for Primary Care Groups and Trusts and their Equivalent Organisations in Scotland and Wales (2000) β other Β· Link
- The House of Commons health select committee's report on generic prices - implications for primary care prescribing (2000) β other Β· Link
- Assessing the practical effects of the new PPRS on NICE, PCGs and the pharmaceutical industry (1999) β lecture-speech
- Managing prescribing in PCGs (1999) β lecture-speech
- Managing Public Involvement in Healthcare Purchasing: By Carol Lupton, Stephen Peckham and Pat Taylor. Open University Press, Buckingham, 1998, Β£16.99βpb, Β£45βhb, 176pp. ISBN 0β335β19632β2 (pb), ISBN 0β335β19633β0 (hb). (1999) β journal-article Β· DOI
- National evaluation of Personal Medical Services (PMS) pilots in England: First year report to the Department of Health. (1999) β journal-article
- Taking Off: a first year report of the PMS pilots in England (1999) β other Β· Link
- The Personal Dental Services Sites: painting the picture and posing the questions, preliminary report to the Department of Health (1999) β other Β· Link
- What is an HMO GP fundholding outcomes analysis (1998) β lecture-speech
- Assessing efficiency in general practice: an application of data envelopment analysis. (1998) β journal-article Β· DOI
- General practitionersβ views on current changes in the UK health service (1998) β magazine-article
- General practitionersβ views on current changes in the UK health service. (1998) β other
- The effects of practice characteristics on prescribing patterns and costs (1998) β report
- The impact of fundholding on prescribing budgets. (1998) β journal-article
- An economic analysis of the effects of the fundholding and indicative prescribing schemes on drug usage and costs in English general practice : a study of one rural health authority. (1998) β dissertation-thesis Β· Link
- Assessing efficiency in general practice: An application of data envelopment analysis (1998) β journal-article Β· Link
- General practitioners' views on current changes in the UK health service (1998) β book Β· Link
- Identifying how some general practices control their prescribing costs: A report for the Department of Health (1998) β report
- Income-based incentives in UK general practice (1998) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Integrated care in the UK and Australia (1998) β lecture-speech
- Primary care groups. The cultivated commissioner. (1998) β journal-article Β· Link
- The ethics of resource allocation: The views of general practitioners in Lincolnshire, U.K. (1998) β journal-article Β· DOI
- The use of the ASTRO-PU and the ASTRO(97)-PU in the setting of prescribing budgets in English general practice (1998) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Saving graces: If fundholding ends, what will happen to prescribing budgets? (1997) β journal-article
- What happens after the trials? (1997) β magazine-article
- Will care trials deliver the goods? (1997) β magazine-article
- Efficiency in purchasing of Healthcare: experience from the United Kingdom and issues for Australia (1997) β lecture-speech
- General practitioner fundholding and prescribing expenditure control. Evidence from a rural English health authority. (1997) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Prescribing costs in UK general practice: the impact of hard budget constraints (1997) β journal-article Β· DOI
- GP fundholding and prescribing in UK general practice: Evidence from two rural, English Family Health Services Authorities (1997) β journal-article Β· DOI
- General practitioner fundholding and prescribing expenditure control. Evidence from a rural English health authority (1997) β journal-article Β· Link
- Gp fundholding and the costs of prescribing; further results (1997) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Over-the-counter drugs and prescribing in general practice (1997) β journal-article Β· Link
- Prescribing, Budgets and Fundholding in General Practice (1997) β other Β· Link
- Prescribing. Saving graces. (1997) β journal-article Β· Link
- Selection bias in GP fundholding (1996) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Explaining variations in general practice prescribing costs per ASTRO-PU (age, sex, and temporary resident originated prescribing unit). (1996) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Explaining variations in the frequency of night visits in general practice (1996) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Measuring the efficiency of prescribing by general practitioners (1996) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Predicting activity and workload in general practice from the demographic structure of the practice population (1996) β journal-article Β· DOI
- Prescribing costs in general practice (1996) β book Β· Link
- The costs of prescribing in dispensing practices (1996) β journal-article Β· DOI
- GP fundholding and the costs of prescribing (1995) β journal-article Β· Link
- The Wolverton & District Archaeological Society AGM: General Strike Wolverton (1993) β lecture-speech
- Opportunity or threat? Cash-limited prescribing budgets in primary care groups β report
- Primary care-led health services: Can General Practitioners help control the level of public expenditure on healthcare and improve the delivery of health care services? β lecture-speech